鳄鱼：你是不是玩不起？
昨晚腾讯视频星光大赏颁奖典礼上，迪丽热巴在台下偷偷玩鳄鱼玩具，没玩几下被鳄鱼“咬”到手后气不过，直接出手“打”了人家小鳄鱼，哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈。
有些人镜头前是冷艳女明星，背地里玩游戏输了还要怪人家小鳄鱼。
借（cèng）此（gè）机（rè）会（diǎn），我们来看看美国内布拉斯加大学林肯分校（University of Nebraska Lincoln）利用这个小玩具开展的一项有意思的研究。
Study: Binge drinkers’ brains respond differently to risky child’s play
by Deann Gayman
University Communication
University of Nebraska-Lincoln doctoral student John Kiat combined a simple child’s game with high-tech brain measurements in a novel experiment examining how the brain’s risk reactivity is connected to risky behaviors like binge drinking.
The results showed the brains of self-reported binge drinkers react to perceived risk much more prominently than non-binge drinkers.
“What we found was that non-binge drinkers exhibited significantly reduced reactivity during risk anticipation,” Kiat, a doctoral candidate in psychology, said. “Binge drinkers showed a much stronger ‘spike’ in activity while they were playing the game that non-binge drinkers didn’t demonstrate.
“It seems likely that binge drinkers get a similar stronger response while drinking.”
Twenty-six people were tested for the study, which included playing a version of the game and answering questions about alcohol usage over the past 30 days. Binge drinking was defined as five or more drinks within a few hours. While undergoing EEG testing, they were instructed to press each crocodile tooth in a sequential order. The game provides a healthy dose of risk through pressing teeth down until the pressing the wrong tooth makes croc’s jaw snap shut on a player’s finger.
The EEG imaging found evidence of elevated neural reactivity among binge drinkers as the likelihood of getting chomped on increased, while the response of non-binge drinkers remained largely unchanged. The findings are one of the first examples to show an association between risk reactivity and binge drinking frequency.
Kiat noted the study is also novel in that the risk-taking activity did not include a decision-making component, since participants were told to press the Crocodile Dentist teeth down in a certain order, instead of randomly.
“Prior research hasn’t looked at raw reactivity, without a decision-making process,” Kiat said. “We know that high-risk taking populations exhibit elevated risk reactivity during decision-making, but would that elevation still be there even if no decision is involved?
“Our study suggests that the story might actually be quite simple, that even if you take away the decision element, you still get that escalation of reactivity in binge drinkers, and possibly in others who choose high-risk activities.”
Kiat said the findings could be expanded in a larger study and help further explain the brain’s role in choosing hazardous behaviors.
“Looking at individual differences in neural responses helps us understand the influence of the brain on good and bad decision-making,” Kiat said. “We can then build an understanding of how differences in neural processing drive risk-taking, and how targeted interventions can be developed to reduce high-risk health behaviors.”
The study, which is co-authored by sociologist Jacob Cheadle, was published online and is forthcoming in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Study: Binge drinkers’ brains respond differently to risky child’s play
by Deann Gayman
University Communication
University of Nebraska-Lincoln doctoral student John Kiat combined a simple child's game with high-tech brain measurements in a novel experiment examining how the brain's risk reactivity is connected to risky behaviors like binge drinking.
内布拉斯加大学林肯分校（University of Nebraska Lincoln）博士生约翰·基特（John Kiat）将一个简单的儿童游戏与高科技的大脑测试相结合，在新颖的实验中研究大脑的风险反应能力如何与酗酒等风险行为相联系。
reactivity
表示“反应性，反应度，反应能力”，英文解释为“responsive to stimulation”。
binge drinking
binge表示“（尤指在饮食和花钱方面）无节制的狂热行为，狂欢，放纵，狂闹”，英文解释为“an occasion when an activity is done in an extreme way, especially eating, drinking, or spending money”，如：a drinking/eating/spending binge 狂饮/暴食/滥花钱，举个🌰：
He went on a five day drinking binge.
他连续5天狂饮。
📍binge drinking可以指“暴饮（酒），酗酒”（the activity of drinking too much alcohol on one occasion）。
📍binge watching可以理解为“无节制地狂看某部电视连续剧”或者说“追剧，刷剧”；binge-watch作动词，举个🌰：
We binge-watched an entire season of Breaking Bad on Sunday.
我们星期天一口气看完了整季的《绝命毒师》。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述奈飞（Netflix）的文章中提到：Investors lap it up as hungrily as Netflix binge-watchers, who now number 193m worldwide. 投资者对奈飞的追捧一如从世界各地到它网上追剧的1.93亿人。
The results showed the brains of self-reported binge drinkers react to perceived risk much more prominently than non-binge drinkers.
结果表明，自称酗酒者的大脑对感知到风险的反应能力比非酗酒者要突出得多。
perceive
1）表示“察觉，注意到，意识到”，英文解释为“to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious”举个🌰：
He perceived a tiny figure in the distance.
他注意到远处有个很小的身影。
2）表示“认为；看待；视为”，英文解释为“to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something”举个🌰：
How do the French perceive the British?
法国人是如何看待英国人的？
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述比特币的文章中提到：Scarcity is a trait of many things that are perceived to have value. 稀缺性正是许多被视为有价值的事物共有的特征。
prominently
表示“显著地”，英文解释为“in a way that can easily be seen or noticed”举个🌰：
This news was prominently featured in all the papers.
各报均以显著的位置刊载了这条消息。
“What we found was that non-binge drinkers exhibited significantly reduced reactivity during risk anticipation,” Kiat, a doctoral candidate in psychology, said. “Binge drinkers showed a much stronger ‘spike’ in activity while they were playing the game that non-binge drinkers didn't demonstrate.
“我们发现，非酗酒者在风险预期期间表现出的反应能力明显降低，”心理学在读博士基特说。“酗酒者在玩游戏时表现出更强的活动'峰值'，而非酗酒者没有这一表现。”
spike
月初在剑桥词典公布2020年度词汇：Quarantine中出现过，作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”，如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。
也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个🌰：
New orders have spiked in the last two years.
新订单在过去两年里激增。
demonstrate
表示“显示；表明”，英文解释为“to show or make make something clear”举个🌰：
These numbers clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.
这些数字清楚表明了该国经济问题的严重程度。
“It seems likely that binge drinkers get a similar stronger response while drinking.”
“看来很可能酗酒者在喝酒时也会得到类似的更强反应。”
Twenty-six people were tested for the study, which included playing a version of the game and answering questions about alcohol usage over the past 30 days. Binge drinking was defined as five or more drinks within a few hours. While undergoing EEG testing, they were instructed to press each crocodile tooth in a sequential order. The game provides a healthy dose of risk through pressing teeth down until the pressing the wrong tooth makes croc's jaw snap shut on a player's finger.
26人接受了这项研究的测试，其中包括玩鳄鱼牙医（Crocodile Dentist）游戏和回答关于过去30天饮酒情况的问题。酗酒的定义是在几个小时内喝了五杯及以上的酒。在接受脑电图测试时，他们被要求按顺序按下每个鳄鱼牙齿。游戏过程中会有预期风险：向下按压鳄鱼牙齿，若按压到错误的牙齿则鳄鱼下巴将扣在玩家手指上。
EEG
electroencephalogram的缩写，表示“脑电图”，英文解释为“the abbreviation for ‘electroencephalogram’ (a medical test that measures and records electrical activity in the brain)”。
crocodile
crocodile /ˈkrɒkəˌdaɪl/表示“鳄鱼”，英文解释为“a large reptile with a long tail, hard skin and very big jaws . Crocodiles live in rivers and lakes in hot countries.”等同于croc。
📍鳄鱼玩具全称叫“Crocodile Dentist”鳄鱼牙医，Crocodile Dentist is a game made for young children, first published by Milton Bradley in 1990.
怎么玩呢？The goal of the game is to press down on the plastic teeth from a crocodile toy's mouth. If the "sore tooth" is pressed, the mouth will snap shut and lunge toward whoever pulled the sore tooth, and the person who caused the mouth to shut is the loser.
sequential
表示“按特定顺序的；连续的”，英文解释为“following a particular order”。
📍注意这里为什么要说sequential，下文再次强调：Participants were told to press the Crocodile Dentist teeth down in a certain order, instead of randomly.
dose
原意表示“一剂”（a measured amount of something such as medicine），如：a dose of penicillin 一剂青霉素，此处表示“一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）”，英文解释为“an amount or experience of something, often something bad or unpleasant”举个🌰：
He received a hefty dose of bad news this week.
本周他得到了许多坏消息。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述谷歌的文章中提到：The first route would involve taking a strong dose of managerial medicine to become a more tightly run conglomerate. 第一种解决方法是给它服用一剂管理上的强效药，让它成为管理更严格的企业集团。
The EEG imaging found evidence of elevated neural reactivity among binge drinkers as the likelihood of getting chomped on increased, while the response of non-binge drinkers remained largely unchanged. The findings are one of the first examples to show an association between risk reactivity and binge drinking frequency.
脑电图成像发现，随着被鳄鱼“咬”的可能性的增加，酗酒者的神经反应能力也在增加，而非酗酒者的反应能力基本保持不变。该研究结果是首批表明风险反应能力与酗酒频次之间有关联的例子之一。
elevate
elevate /ˈɛlɪˌveɪt/ 表示“提升；提高；改进”，英文解释为“to make someone or something more important or to improve something”举个🌰：
They want to elevate the status of teachers.
他们想提高教师的社会地位。
chomp /tʃɒmp/
表示“（吃东西时）格格地咬牙；大声地吃（或咬、咀嚼食物）”，英文解释为“If a person or an animal chomps their way through food or chomps on food, they chew it noisily.”举个🌰：
She was chomping away on a bagel.
她在嘎嘣嘎嘣地啃着一个硬面包圈。
Kiat noted the study is also novel in that the risk-taking activity did not include a decision-making component, since participants were told to press the Crocodile Dentist teeth down in a certain order, instead of randomly.
基特指出，这项研究的新颖点在于，风险承担活动并不包括决策部分，因为参与者被告知按照一定的顺序按下鳄鱼牙医玩具的牙齿，而不是随机按下。
“Prior research hasn't looked at raw reactivity, without a decision-making process,” Kiat said. “We know that high-risk taking populations exhibit elevated risk reactivity during decision-making, but would that elevation still be there even if no decision is involved?
“之前的研究还没有考虑过原始反应能力，没有决策过程，”基特说。“我们知道承担高风险的人群在决策过程中会表现出风险反应能力的提升，但即使不涉及决策，这种提升还会存在吗？”
exhibit
表示“展出，展览；展示”，英文解释为“to show something publicly”举个🌰：
He exhibited great self-control considering her rudeness.
她那么无礼，他表现出如此的克制力已很不错了。
📍单单一个表明，表示，展示出，显示，文中用了show、find、demonstrate、exhibit还有下一段的suggest进行替换。
“Our study suggests that the story might actually be quite simple, that even if you take away the decision element, you still get that escalation of reactivity in binge drinkers, and possibly in others who choose high-risk activities.”
“我们的研究表明，这个说法其实可能很简单，即使你把决策因素去掉，你仍然会在酗酒者中得到这种反应能力的提升，也可能在其他选择高风险活动的人中得到提升。”
Kiat said the findings could be expanded in a larger study and help further explain the brain's role in choosing hazardous behaviors.
基特说，这些发现可以在更大的研究中得到扩展，并有助于进一步解释大脑在选择危险行为中的作用。
hazardous
hazardous /ˈhæzədəs/ 表示“危险的，有害的”，英文解释为“dangerous”，如：a hazardous journey/occupation 危险的旅行/职业。
“Looking at individual differences in neural responses helps us understand the influence of the brain on good and bad decision-making,” Kiat said. “We can then build an understanding of how differences in neural processing drive risk-taking, and how targeted interventions can be developed to reduce high-risk health behaviors.”
“观察神经反应的个体差异有助于我们了解大脑对好的和坏的决策的影响，”基特说。“然后，我们可以建立对神经处理的差异如何驱动风险承担的理解，以及如何制定有针对性的干预措施来减少高风险的健康行为。”
intervention
表示“干预，干涉”，英文解释为“Intervention is the act of intervening in a situation.”
The study, which is co-authored by sociologist Jacob Cheadle, was published online and is forthcoming in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
这项研究由社会学家雅各布·切德尔（Jacob Cheadle）共同撰写，已在线发表，即将出版于《社会认知和情感神经科学》（Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience）杂志上。
谢谢你看到这里呀
公众号后台对话框里发送：666
参与新一轮抽奖（12月24日0点开）
公众号后台对话框里发送：沙发
查看沙发计划，抢沙发拿奖励
公众号后台对话框里发送：打卡
参与每天持续行动打卡计划
- 推荐阅读 -
- END -
LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2020年12月21日
第2144天
每天持续行动学外语